Iranian revolution islamic revolution why did the iranian revolution start the iranian revolution began when many iranians and citizens within iran were very dissatisfied with the rulership of the iranian king, mohammad reza shah pahlavi. Buchta has authored numerous works on political and religious developments within the islamic. Exporting the revolution in irans constitution and the mahdis return track persia may 16, 2017 apocalypticism within the twelver sect of shiism is the most important component of the the shiite apocalyptic tradition because it is fundamentally associated with the notion of the twelfth, or hidden, imamsomething that is absent. Once these conditions exist, no segment of society may be forced into silence. In the course of recreating a new constitution for the islamic republic of. So we will look at what happened during the iranian revolution of 19781979. The united states was an ally of the late shah of iran, mohammad reza pahlavi the shah, who ruled from 1941 until his ouster in february 1979. Constitutional convention elections were held in iran on 3 and 4 august 1979.
The country is also struggling with domestic issues. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran unlv faculty sites. December 1979 iranian constitutional referendum wikipedia. He was promptly executed after sentencing by an islamic tr. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran sets forth the cultural, social, political and economic institutions of the people of iran, based on islamic principles and rules, and reflecting the fundamental desires of the islamic people. First, the major procedural question was the ratification method of the constitution. Pursuant the referendum on creating the islamic republic in march 1979, the new. Religious elements of the 1979 islamic revolution september 30, 20 this case study investigates the social, economic, and political dynamics of 1970s iran that led the iranian people to accept, and then maintain, religion as the basis of a new political system after deposing mohammad reza shah pahlavi in 1979. Thus, they halted irans peaceable relations with the united states of america. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran was adopted by referendum on 2 and 3 december 1979, and went into force replacing the constitution of 1906. Irans domestic and foreign policies alan salehzadeh iran has a reputation of being a problematic country. The form of government of iran is that of an islamic republic, endorsed by the people of iran on the basis of their longstanding belief in the sovereignty of truth and quranic justice, in the referendum of farvardin 9 and 10 in the year 58 of the solar islamic calendar, corresponding to jamadi alawwal 1 and 2 in the year 99 of the lunar islamic.
Constitution of the islamic republic encyclopaedia. These topic pages provide a quick overview and easy access to all content that can be found on ace for any give topic of interest weather encyclopaedia files, electoral materials, comparative data, consolidated replies, case studies, or other. Usiran relations, 19531979 before the iranian revolution, the u. The constitution has been called a hybrid of theocratic and democratic elements. Many academics and political experts agree that the old guard and corrupt. The islamic revolution was founded on the principle of improving the lot of the poor. Iran islamic republic ofs constitution of 1979 with. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran advances the cultural, social, political, and economic institutions of iranian society based on islamic principles and norms, which represent an.
Article 24 of the constitution of the islamic republic of iran 1979, establishing the right to freedom of expression, qualifies that right by wideranging restrictions on its exercise. Iran qanuni asasiyi jomhuiriyi islkmiyi iran has replaced irans first constitution. After bush won the white house in 2000, the arab world had no illu. With this great victory, the rise of the islamic government that was the long. A critical introduction to khomeini as the architect of the iranian revolution of 1979, ayatollah ruhollah khomeini remains one of the most inspirational and enigmatic fi gures of the twentieth century.
I would say that the primary change in iran after the 1979 revolution was the changed relationship with the west. The adoption of the new constitution was the second major development after the seizure of power by the revolutionary forces in tehran on february 11, 1979, and the fall of the government of shahpur bakhtiyar, the shahs last appointed prime minister. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran wikisource. Since 1998, he has served as the permanent representative of the konrad adenauer stiftung foundation in rabat, morocco. A history of modern iran in a radical reappraisal of irans modern history, ervand abrahamian traces its traumatic journey across the twentieth century, through the discoveryofoil,imperialinterventions,theruleofthepahlavis,and,in 1979, revolution and the birth of the islamic republic.
Iran islamic republic ofs constitution of 1979 with amendments. The iranian revolution past, present and future brought the safavids into direct conflict with the ottoman empire and led to two centuries of intermittent warfare between those two powerful states. The iranian constitution was adopted on 24 october 1979, and was the effective law of the country as of 3 december of that same year. He was the president of iran from 1981 to 1989 and succeeded ayatollah khomeini after his death in 1989 as the supreme leader of iran. Exporting the revolution in irans constitution and the. The iranian revolution opened a new chapter in the history of mass popular revolutions in the world. Iran is an important test case firstly because until the revolution, iran was one of three key prowestern strongholds in the middle east necessary for suppressing local worker demands and keeping oil production cheap the others being israel and saudi arabia. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran advances the cultural, social, political, and. Islamic calendar march 29 and 30, 1979, through the affirmative vote of a majority of. He replaced his father on the throne on september 16th, 1941. Khomeini had charged the provisional government with the task of drawing up a draft constitution. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran foundation. We have sent our apostles with veritable signs and brought down with them scriptures and the scales of justice, so that men might conduct themselves with fairness. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran sets forth the cultural, social.
Right now, it is proceeding with its nuclear program despite the opposition of the west and neighboring countries and the massive sanctions inflicted upon it. The karbala paradigm much of the power and intensity of the 1979 revolution came from the willingness of ordinary people to go out onto the streets and court death by confronting armed troops. The corpse of exprime minister amir abbas hoveyda lies at the morgue. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran advances the cultural, social, political, and economic institutions of iranian society based on islamic principles and norms, which represent an honest aspiration of the islamic ummah. The hostage crisis consolidated khomeinis power within iran, unifying competing political and religious groups against the perceived threat of. Iran islamic republic ofs constitution of 1979 with amendments through 1989. Ciardp80t00942a0006000700020 25x1 approved for release 20020509 the iranian constitution the demands ollranian political and religious opposi tion leaders that the shah return. A step in this direction was taken on march 30 and 31, 1979, when a national referendum was held to determine the kind of political system to be established. This aspiration was exemplified by the nature of the great islamic revolution of iran, and by the.
The safavid dynasty ruled iran until 1722, when an afghan army invaded the country and captured isfahan. Political participation in iran from the constitutional revolution to the present mehrangiz kar february 1st, 2007 in order for political participation to exist, a democratic political system and freedom from legal and social obstacles must already be in place. It delegates power to a religious leader, originally the ayatollah khomeini, to be chosen by elected representatives. Political participation in iran from the constitutional. The form of government of iran is that of an islamic republic, endorsed by the people of iran on the basis of their longstanding belief in the sovereignty of truth and quranic justice, in the referendum of farvardin 9 and 10 in the year 58 of the solar islamic calendar, corresponding to jamadi alawwal 1 and 2 in the year 99 of the lunar islamic calendar march 29 and 30. The revolution placed iran at the forefront of middle east politics and. My brother of 17yo was in shahs jail for having read three books. Two of those books were from the azari poet samad behrangi. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran sets forth the cultural, social, political, and economic institutions of iranian society on the basis of islamic principles and norms, which represent the earnest aspiration of the islamic ummah. He thus provides the context for the dramatic debate between reformists and traditionalists in iran. After the islamic revolution in iran in 1979, fundamental changes occurred in irans political and legal system. Irans 1906 constitution foundation for iranian studies.
The ayatollah did a great job of demonizing the west to the point where nearly. Cia coup plot helped aid 1979 iranian revolution opinions by tom brandt opinions editor monday, february 2, 2009 this week, the iranian people are celebrating a dubious holiday the 30th anniversary of their islamic revolution which the united states and britain, in part, can take credit for helping to bring about. What changes occurred in iran after the revolution in 1979. Iran inhibiting the development of a useful public debate in iran.
The causes of the constitutional revolution in iran 383 although marx and engels considered ideologies to be a part of the super structure dependent upon the social structures, they did not deny the possibility that radical ideologists could, at times, develop into independent forces. Between the establishment of the islamic republic of iran and the final ratification of the constitution, the iranian debate centered on two fundamental issues in particular. View 1979 iranian revolution research papers on academia. The legitimation of the clergys right to rule in the iranian. A constitutional referendum was held in iran on 2 and 3 december 1979. A comparative overview of the iranian constitutions of. Outside iran, the major marja altaqlid, several important ayatollahs have voiced reservations about it in particular the late ayatollah khui. Khatami swept 1997 iranian elections on a platform of reform and openness. The result was a victory for the islamic republican party. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran persian. Policy and options congressional research service 1 political history iran is a country of nearly 80 million people, located in the heart of the persian gulf region. On december 28th i posted a question and my own reply about the u. Irans 1906 constitution constitution and its supplement the fundamental law of persia promulgated in the reign of the late muzaffaruddin shah and ratified by. And since 1990, when america went to war against iraq to liberate kuwait, washington has remained obsessed with saddam hussein.
The supplement motammem to the constitution qanune asasi, lit. Asghar schirazi chronicles and analyzes political life in iran since the revolution, showing the gradual transformation of the state from intended theocracy and republic to a hierocracy in which islam and the sharia play a subordinate role. The constitution of islamic republic of iran iran chamber society. During the 1980s, the united states was intimately involved in supporting saddams iraq in its war against iran. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran financial disclosure. The constitution, having regard to the islamic contents of the iranian revolution, which was a movement for the victory of all the oppressed over the arrogant, provides a basis for the continuation of that revolution both inside and outside the country. The constitution of islamic republic of iran in the name of god, the compassionate, the merciful. The constitution of the islamic republic of iran is a declaration of the social, cultural, political. The causes of the constitutional revolution in iran. Constitution of the islamic republic of iran adopted. The constitution, having regard to the islamic contents of the iranian. How great was cia involvement in the 1979 iranian revolution.
804 1347 34 607 1365 284 814 129 36 1581 41 970 450 1542 77 456 1501 1610 459 278 1168 1095 1488 338 785 935 1257 824 1371 1240 398 93 270 1230 168 836 1479 443